Essay --

The X - ray was discovered in 1985 by a German physicist, Sir W. C. Roentgen. Since then, the application of radiation has been widely used in radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy for both diagnostic and treatment of different kind of diseases encountered by the human beings.(Luk, Leung, & Cheng, 2010).Even though the radiation play important role in diagnostic and treating the patient, the biological effect caused by medical radiation is more concerned in recent survey(Arslanoğlu et al., 2007). Due to the advanced development of medical equipment’s such as multi - detector row computed tomography and nuclear medicine there is significant increase in the population’s cumulative exposure(Rehani & Berris, 2012).The application of computer tomography has increased dramatically since 1970,with the number of annual scan go up to 72 million in 2007 form 2 million in 1980s (Baumann et al., 2011).The radiological examination performed every year crossed 3.6 bill ion and the number is expected to increase in future(Nations, Committee, & Radiation, 2010).since the radiological exam...

Economic Analysis of Anthem and Kaiser Permanente

Economic Analysis of Anthem and Kaiser Permanente Abstract This paper is an economic analysis of healthcare providers Anthem and Kaiser Permanente. Included will be information on competition, pricing and the effects of elasticity of demand has on both companies. Introduction One of the major concerns facing Americans today is the discussion of healthcare and how employers can afford to purchase healthcare for their employees. With the recent approval of President Barack Obama’s Healthcare Reform Bill, it has placed added pressure on both small and large business owners to provide insurance for their employees or be faced with tax penalties.The healthcare industry is an oligopoly meaning that there are few firms involved in the marketplace and they hold a substantial portion of the marketplace. They understand that their industry is interdependent and every decision or action made will have rippling affects on the other firms. They too will choose to make changes to keep their standing in the marketplace. In the healthcare industry, the two major companies are Anthem and Kaiser Permanente (Thomas & Maurice, 2011). Pricing & CompetitionWhen looking at companies that do business in oligopoly, there are many traits that they resemble. Their prices will remain relatively the same as their competitors, and lower then those companies that deal in a monopoly (www. yourdictionary. com). Both Anthem and Kaiser Permanente are highly competitive in their standings in the marketplace. Everything from their marketing efforts to their pricing is geared toward gaining a bigger share of the marketplace. Prices are one of the major differences between both companies.Prices for both companies are generated through underwriting and governed by community ratings. These ratings are surveys are conducted in the community where the companies serve to help determine the general health of their customers and potential risks. Premiums will be adjusted yearly based on the number o f claims filed and funds needed to continue the coverage of their customers (www. alliedquotes. com 2008). Although prices for treatments are generally the same, savings can be found through Kaiser Permanente because most of their services are done in one of their medical facilities.Game Theory & Elasticity of Demand The new mandate passed through congress requires employers and American citizens to have healthcare, the demand of elasticity has little play. Everyone has to have healthcare and therefore the demand will remain constant. The prices for specific plans may vary slightly causing customers to select Kaiser over Anthem so with healthcare it will show inelasticity because it is considered a necessity. In order for both firms to gain an edge in the marketplace and in their prices they will use game theory.Game theory is a tool used in decision making in which both firms or â€Å"players† try to win the biggest payoff, in this case more customers. Game theory used by Ka iser is ensuring they have more doctors in one location that can perform more services for their customers. By allowing their customers to save money from going to outside firms to perform additional test and to receive treatment, Kaiser offers all of its services in one location at a lower rate (Thomas & Maurice, 2011).For Anthem, they have many different locations and a customer will have to go to different doctors, make appointments, and wait to get scheduled before they are seen. This major difference is what makes Kaiser popular, the ease in which a customer can receive treatment. Profit The original concern from the public as it comes to healthcare is the cost of obtaining and sustaining healthcare. Many found that when faced with a major illness, they were either under-insured or simply could not afford the treatment. With the current healthcare changes, the prices will be lowered and more affordable.This makes the profits generated from selling healthcare plans less about ma ximizing profits for the industry and more towards suboptimal equilibrium with everyone generally making the same profit except for larger firms who can afford to spend more to generate interest in their firm. With suboptimal equilibrium all firms in the healthcare industry will generally choose to stay on a similar path as far as prices and profits. Firms will differ in profits, however, based off other factors like size of the firm and marketing efforts (Thomas & Maurice, 2011). Competition and the ConsumerWith every business, there will always be competition. Competition is great for customers because they will be the benefactors of the competing firms. Firms in the industry compete over coverage instead of price. Competition between firms will take place in advertisements on television and in the print media. Doctors will refer certain providers to their customers or they will choose to opt in to certain HMOs or choose to stay outside the network. Also firms that offer plans tha t cover more of the customers’ needs at the lowest rates will generally gain and retain more customers.Yet with a large firm like Anthem, their firm is widely known and they have larger budgets to continue their company’s growth in customers. Conclusion Americans are just now starting to understand the new implications of the Healthcare Reform. Addressing the needs of the American people and reducing the costs of healthcare and making sure all pay their share so the burden does not fall on the government is intended to help reduce the strain on the economy and make being healthy more affordable for the citizens of the United States.References: Oligopoly Examples. (n. d. ). In YourDictionary. com. Retrieved August 5, 2012, from http://examples. yourdictionary. com/oligopoly-examples. html Thomas, C. R. , & Maurice, S. C. (2011). Managerial economics (10th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Calculating Group Health Insurance. (2008, October). In Allied Quotes. com. Retrieved August 4, 2012, from http://www. alliedquotes. com/Resources/Group-Health- Insurance-Rates. html

Work And Concentrated Guideline ( Cte ) - 1894 Words

Work and concentrated guideline (CTE) is an enlightening system for outfitting adolescents with the academic, particular, and employability capacities and data to look for after postsecondary get ready or propelled instruction and enter a calling field masterminded advancing learning (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, Association for Career and Technical Education, and National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium, 2010). CTE is Prepared for the College and Career Readiness and Success Center (CCRS Center) by Betsy Brand, Andrew Valent, and Andrea Browning of the American Youth Policy Forum, a lead accessory of the CCRS Center 2 How Career and Technical Education Can Help Students Be College and Career†¦show more content†¦CTE Career and Technical Education Can Help Students Be College and Career Ready: A Preliminary discarding proficient guideline that included low-level courses, work get ready, what s more, single electives and supplanting it with educationally careful, facilitated, and sequenced tasks of study that conform to and lead to postsecondary preparing. These undertakings give understudies opportunities to secure the capacities required in today s workplace, for case, fundamental considering, joint exertion, basic considering, improvement, coordinated effort, moreover, correspondence—and to get some answers encountering so as to concern different employments work and working situations. CTE is not any more essentially demonstrating understudies a confined game plan of capacities sufficient for area level livelihoods; it is about arranging understudies for employments. First rate CTE addresses the destinations of school and livelihood status and gives learning options that are drawing in for understudies who might